APUSH COMPLETE NOTES

APUSH NOTES

by:Iman Alizahi

https://course-notes.org/us_history/notes/the_american_pageant_16th_edition/chapter_36_american_zenith

Name

Major events in US history

Period #

Date

% of exam

Chapters #-#

Period 1

1491-1607

(5% of exam)

Chapters 1-6

Period 2

1607-1754

(10% of exam)

Chapters

Period 3

1754-1800

(12% of exam)

Chapters 6-10

Period 4

1800-1848

(10% of exam)

Chapters 11-16

Period 5

1844-1877

(%13 of exam)

Chapters 17-22

Period 6

1865-1898

(%13 of exam)

Chapters 23-27

Period 7

1890-1945

(%17 of exam)

Chapters 27-35

Period 8

1945-1980

(%15 of exam)

Chapters 36-39

Period 9

1980-current

(%5 of exam)

Chapters 40

Chapter 1 (1491-1607) - Native American Life, Early Colonization

• Native Americans Pre-Contact (before 1492)

  • Over 10,000 years before Columbus, people came to the Americas via the Bering Strait

    • Aka Native Americans

  • Native Americans developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based upon interactions with each other and the environment.

  • Native American religion was very often connected to their relationship with nature.

    • Aminism: belief that non-human things (plants, animals) possess a spiritual essence

• Native American Culture

  • They developed different and complex societies that both transformed and adopted to their diverse environments

  • Examples:

    • Southwest (Pueblo): lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize & other agricultural products

    • Great Basin & Great Plains (Lakota Sioux): lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic lifestyle & the importance of hunting buffalo

    • Atlantic coast & Northeast (Iroquois): mix of agricultural & hunter-gatherer society. Established permanent villages

      • Iroquois Confederation.

• Colonization of the “New” World

  • Why European come to Americas?

    • 3 G’s

      • Gold: New sources of wealth & easier trade with China

      • Glory: power & status

      • God: convert natives to Christianity

  • The arrival of Columbus in 1942 (& other Europeans after) led to massive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic

  • Columbian Exchange: Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.

    • Horses (from Europe) dramatically change Native life.

    • Diseases such as smallpox (from Europe) lead to massive population decline as deadly epidemics spread (90% death rate)

    • Maize/corn (from America) fueled population increase in Europe

• Early Colonization: Spain & Portugal

  • Treaty of Tordesillas:

    • Spain & Portugal agree to divide up the Western Hemisphere

      • East for Portugal

      • West for Spain

  • Spain was the earliest to colonize North America (St. Augustine, 1565)

  • Encomienda System: Spanish colonists received land with native people

    • Native SLAVE LABOR in mining (silver) or agriculture (sugar)

    • Spanish sought to convert Native people to Catholicism.

  • Racially mixed populations of European, Native, and African descent

    • Mestizo: people of mixed Indian and European heritage

    • Mulatto: people of mixed white and black heritage

• Pueblo Revolt (1680)

  • Attempts to change Native American beliefs led to resistance and conflict

  • Native people strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy

  • Pope’s Rebellion(aka Pueblo Revolt):

    • In 1680 leads to the death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and the destruction of Catholic churches in the are

    • Led by Po’ Pay

• Debatin Spanish Colonization

  • During early colonization, debates over how to treat Natives started, comparing to ideals already in Europe

    • Debates were mostly within Spaniards

  • Juan de Sepulveda wrote “Just Cases for War Against the Indians” that justified Spanish colonization of the Americas

  • Bartolome de las Casas published in 1552 “A short Account of the Destruction of the Indies” that criticized Spanish treatment of the natives

• Comparing European Colonization

  • Protestant England will soon challenge Spanish colonization of North America

  • Unlike the English colonist, the Spanish, French, and Dutch are going to attempt to exploit new world resources AND form more complex relationships with natives

    • Spanish and Portugal formed colonies that used Native and African SLAVE LABOR in agriculture and mining

    • France, Holland, Spain will trade, intermarry with Natives

  • Reasons for colonization:

    • Mercantilism:

      • Colonies exist to enrich the Mother country

        • Access to raw materials

        • Provide gold an silver

• End.

Chapter 2 (1588-1733) - Southern Colonies

• England

  • England was slow to colonization game

    • Englands is only powerful enough to challenge countries like Spain after:

      • 
        

Chapter 3 (start this)

Chapter 4-5

• Regional differences existed between the British colonies

• New England Colonies:

  • Puritan religious motive for colonization

  • close -knit homogeneous society (settlements centered around towns)

  • Importance of religion,family, and education(school required)

  • Town Hall meetings (adult male church members)

  • Received large number of immigrants & high birth rate

  • Mixed economy: agriculture, trade, shipbuilding

• Southern Plantation Colonies:

  • Male dominated society, warmer climate, harsher life, lower birth rates

  • Defined hierarchy of wealth & status(southern gentry)

  • Cash crop plantation economy

  • Fewer cities develop

  • Labor system: Indentured servants to slavery(Especially after Bacon’s Rebellion)

    • Reasons for transition to slavery: 1) abundance of land 2) shortage of indentured servants 3) no way to enslave native population 4) European demand for colonial goods

    • Majority slave population in South Carolina

• Slavery in Colonial America:

  • Triangular trade:(3 part trade route): Slaves and goods moving from Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies

  • The journey from Africa to the Western Hemisphere was known as the “Middle passage”

  • Slave culture: Blend of African and American cultures

    • Variety of tribes from different parts of Africa

  • Stono Uprising, 1739 South Carolina: one of the few slave revolts in colonial America

    • Tried to get to spanish florida where they were promised freedom

    • Rebellion was defeated and contributed to stricter laws regulating slaves

  • Most common resistance to slavery:

    • Work slowdowns: running away: fake illness, etc.

• Religion in the Colonies:

  • Religious passion was fading in the New England colonies

  • Half Way Covenant(1662): individuals could become partial church members even if they did not have a conversion

  • Religious Freedom:

    • The massachusetts Bay colony DID NOT allow freedom of religion

    • Some religious toleration existed in a few British colonies

      • Pennsylvania: Quakers!

      • Rhode Island: Separation of church and state

      • Maryland: only to christians

  • SALEM WITCH TRIALS: Salem, Massachusetts 1692

    • 19 people hung and 1 pressed to death

    • Reflect growing tension over changing nature of the colony(religious to profit driven commercialism)

• Great Awakening:

  • Was a religious revival in the 1730-40s that spread through the colonies

    • Many people convert

  • Jonathan Edwards: “sinners in the Hands of Angry God”

  • George Whitefield: Introduced a new energized style of evangelical preaching

  • New lights(supporters) vs. Old Lights(against)

  • IMPACTS:New universities formed(Dartmouth, Princeton, Brown, etc.)(were all religious)

  • Greater religious independence & diversity(new churches formed)

    • Strengthened calls for separation of church and state

  • 1st mass movement shared amongst colonists

• Mercantilism

  • Various mercantile laws were passed to regulate colonial trade to profit England(Navigation Acts, Molasses Act)

    • The goals and interest of European leaders at times diverged from those colonial cities

    • But salutary neglect(relative indifference to colonial governance)

  • GOOD: Colonial shipbuilding developed(especially in New England colonies),

    • Provided protection of the British military

    • Provided Chesapeake tobacco a monopoly in England

  • BAD: Restricted development of colonial manufacturing

    • Hard to buy higher priced manufacturing goods from England

    • Farmers had to accept lower prices for their enumerated crops(tobacco etc.)

  • England attempted to integrate the colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial system: DOMINION of NEW ENGLAND(1686)

    • Glorious Revolution (1688) led to the overthrow of James II(William and Mary take the throne)

    • Limits power of the monarchy

    • Colonists rebel against the Dominion of New England.

  • Big Turning Point: 1763 End of Seven Years War

    • Lots of Debt

• Colonial Politics

  • Gradual development of democratic institutions in the colonies & colonial experience with self-government

    • Examples: Mayflower Compact, Town Hall Meetings, House of Burgesses, elected representative assemblies, etc.

  • Many people still excluded(property pr religious qualifications) and England ultimately was still in charge

  • Zenger case(1733): advanzed freedom of the press

    • John Peter Zenger printed a newspaper critical of the royal governor in New York

    • Charged with libel> jury ruled NOT guilty

    • Could be critical of elected officials if statements were true

Chapter 6

• England’s Colonial Rivals

  • French: Samuel de Camplain founded Quebec in 1608

  • Motives for Colonization:

    • Fun trading economy

    • Catholic Jesuit Missionaries

  • Dutch settlement taken over

  • Spanish settlement: sparsely populated in North America

  • Differences between French, Dutch, & Spanish vs. British colonies:

    • Fewer European settlers

    • Trade alliances with American Indians(especially fur to be exported to Europe)

    • Intermarriage was much more common

• Colonial Wars

  • 3 colonial wars occured

    • King Williams War (1689-1697)

    • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

    • King George’s War (1744-1748)

  • At stake: Control of West Indies, North america(13 colonies and Canada)

  • First 3 wars were mainly fought in Europe

  • ***Salutary neglect was an unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on their American colonies,

    • The purpose was to maximize economic output amongst the colonists while maintaining some form of control.

    • Colonists looking for new land headed west across the Appalachian mountains(further from British colonial control) and into territory claimed by France.

      • The war begins in 1754 when a Virginian by the name of George Washington fights against the french & their Native American allies.

      • 7 years war(French and Indian War:)

        • The war lasted from 1754-1763 and will have a dramatic impact on the relationship between the colonies and England.

        • French and Indian War:

          • This is a smaller war within the 7 years war which occured on American soil.

          • Conflict between British vs. French & Indian.

          • The cause: The british were approaching the land near Ohio river valley that was claimed by French.

          • Albany plan:

            • The British wanted to coordinate the war effort & colonial defense

            • Representatives from 7 colonies meet in Albany, New York in 1754

              • Main purpose was to get the powerful neutral Iroquois to join the British

            • Benjamin Franklin developed the Albany plan of the Union to help coordinate troops and collect taxes(promote colonial unity). Join or die

            • Colonial jealousy and tradition of not working together led to the plan being rejected.

            • Established a precedent for later meetings and cooperations.

          • Treaty of Paris:(1763)

            • Ended the 7 Years War.

            • England gains French land from Canada to Florida and the Appalachains to the Mississippi River.

            • England gains Florida from Spain.

            • French was kicked out of North America.(had land in Haiti)

• After the 7 Years War 1763:

  • Salutary neglect will come to an end following the French and Indian War in 1763.

  • 1763 is a turning point in the relationship between the colonists and England.

  • England emerges from the war with massive DEBT = taxes.

  • Pontiac's Rebellion(1763)

    • Pontiac(ottawa chief) forged a western confederation and rebelled against colonists encroaching on their land,

    • Native Americans lost a trading partner(France) and the British wouldn’t trade with them.

    • Paxton Boys: Western Pennsylvania Scots-Irish settlers attacked random Native People.

    • British are forced to send additional troops to stop rebellion

    • Led to the British passing the Proclamation Act of 1763:

      • Prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian mountains.

      • Colonists were angry and openly defied the British policy.

  • British vs. Colonists Views:

British View

Colonists View

• 
  Disappointed in colonial military contributions

• Unable and unwilling to defend themselves on the frontier

• War started in North America and outcome benefitted the colonists so they should help pay for it

• Began to assume direct control over the colonies.

• 
  Felt they had contributed to the defense of the colonies in all 4 of the wars

• Wanted to access to the frontier land

• British policies were violating their liberties.

Chapter 7

• Turning point: 1763

  • End of the 7 Years War, England in debt, salutary neglect comes to an end, Pontiac's Rebellion contributed to the Proclamation Act of 1763, etc.

  • King George III & Prime Minister George Grenville advocated for acts to increase revenue.

• Consolidating Imperial Control

  • Sugar Act(1764): passed on sugar to raise revenue

    • Also stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts & crackdown on smuggling(violators be tried in Vice-admiralty courts)

  • Quartering Act(1765): colonists required to provide food & housing for British soldiers.

  • Stamp Act(1765): placed a tax on a variety of legal documents & items

    • This angered colonists especially of the higher class

  • Passed without consent of the colonial legislature

  • Colonial Responses:

    • Virginia Resolves by Patro Henry in the House of Burgesses

    • Stamp Act Congress - reps from 9 colonies met in New York to oppose British policies. Move towards inter-colonial unity. First organized resistance to British policies

    • Sons of Liberty: Secret organization that at times used violence to disrupt enforcement of the acts.

• Tension Continue

  • Boycotts(Nonimportation agreements) against British imports were the most effective form of resistance. - drop in trade as a result of these boycotts.

    • Parliament voted to repeal Stamp Act

      • It wasn’t raisin money

  • After the Stamp Act was repealed: Declaratory Act(1766): England says they still have power over the colonies.

  • Charles Townshed becomes new chancellor of the exchequer & proposed his own revenue plan

  • Townshend Act(1767): tax on imports such as paper, tea, glass, etc.

    • $ would be used to pay royal officials in the colonies(previously paid by the colonial assemblies)

    • Could search private homes for goods by getting a writ of assistance(rather than a warrant)

• Resistance to Townshend Acts:

  • John Dickinson “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” argued “no taxation without representation”

    • England argues “virtual representation”

  • Colonists created nonimportation & nonconsumption agreements

    • We are not going to buy any british goods

    • Boycott British goods

    • Daughters of Liberty: organized “spinning bees”

  • England was losing more money than it was generating with the Townshend Acts…

  • Townshend duties are repealed in 1770

• Bloodshed and Relative Calm: 1770-1773

  • Boston “Massacre”(1770): British troops open fire near the customs house killing 5 colonists

    • Paul Revere’s engraving used as pro-colonial propaganda(reality was much more complicated)

    • John Adams defends the British soldiers against murder charges.

  • Committees of Correspondence(1772) led by Samual Adams were used to keep up communication & resistance to British policies.

• Tea Time

  • Tea Act(1773): Gave a monopoly to the British East India Company

    • British tea was still cheaper than smuggled tea, the colonist it

    • Colonists still opposed the Tea Act - opposed the idea that Parliament could tax colonies

  • Boston Tea Party(1773): Members of the Sons of Liberty dumped tea into Boston harbor.

    • Some colonists resisted the action: destruction of private property

  • Boston Tea Party leads the British to pass the…

    • Coercive Acts(1774): punitive policies(punishing)

      • Boston port was closed until property was paid for

      • Drastically reduced power of Massachusetts legislature & banned town hall meetings

      • Quartering Act expanded

      • Royal officials accuse of a crime would be put on trial in England(colonist were mad and though that they would not get justice)

    • The colonists were outraged and called the Coercive Acts the Intolerable Acts.

    • Suffolk Resolves: boycott British goods until the Intolerable Acts were repealed

• Quebec Act(1774):

  • England trying to figure out what to do with Canadian lands that they acquired from France after the 7 Years War.

  • Extended the boundary of Quebec into the Ohio Valley

  • Roman Catholicism established as official religion

  • Governments allowed to operate without representative assembly or trial by jury

  • Colonists claimed the land in the Ohio Valley was for them

  • Protestant colonists not happy about Catholicism

  • Will England try to take away representative gov’t in the colonies?

  • Many colonists view the Quebec Act as a direct attack on them.

• 1st Continental Congress(1774)

  • In response to the Intolerable Acts

  • All colonies (except Georgia-not interested, they are too far) send representatives to meet in Philly in September 1774(example of colonial unity)

  • Wanted to repair their relationship with England

    • NOT calling for independence

  • Adopted the Declaration of Rights & Grievances

  • Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves

  • Created the Association to coordinate economic boycott

  • Started making military prep

  • Planned to meet again in May 1775

  • Response of England: King George III dismisses their grievances, he declares Massachusetts a rebellion and he sends more troops to North America to keep America in check.

• The Opening Shots: Lexington & Concord

  • British troops led by Gen. Gage left Boston to seize colonial weapons & arrest rebel leaders Sam Adams & John Hancock

  • Minutemen(colonial militia): warned by Paul Revere & William Dawes

  • “Shots heard round the world” as 8 colonists killed at Lexington(April 1775)

  • Another battle took place at Concord

  • Start of fighting the American Revolution!

Chapter 8

• Second Continental Congress

  • Following lexington & Concord

  • 2nd continental Congress(may 1775) get together in Philly

    • Division amongst colonists as to whether or not to declare independence

    • Organized the Continental Army with Washington as commander in chief

  • Bunker Hill(June 1775) British take hill, but colonists hold their own---Builds confidence!

  • At the same time the colonists sought peace by sending Olive Branch Petition to King George III(July 1775)

    • Colonists are trying to prevent a larger war from occurring.

      • Why:

        • Loyalty is deeply ingrained in the colonists

        • They believe they are a part of the British Empire, they see themself as British

        • Colonial unity was poor for a very long time

        • And rebellion was dangerous

    • King DISMISSES the OBP and declared colonies in rebellion

      • He also hired some German mercenaries to handle the situation

  • * 1775 still no clear consensus for independence.

• Deeper Roots of Revolution

  • Enlightenment ideas of John Locke and Rousseau strongly influenced the colonists

    • And the enlightenment ideas emphasized the individual over hereditary privilege

    • There was an emphasis on reason and science

    • Locke said everyone has natural rights and the power of government is derived from popular consent.

  • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet “Common Sense”(Jan 1776) argued for independence

    • Called for the creation of a republic(representative government) based on natural rights of the people.

    • A radical idea at the time

    • Strongly influenced by the enlightenment

• Declaration of independence

  • Thomas Jefferson drafted the formal Declaration of independence

  • Goals:

    • Justify independence by listing grievances against King George III

      • Thomas Jefferson wrote against the slavery, but it was removed at the assistance of the Southerners

    • To rally support amongst the colonists

    • To get the assistance from foreign nations

    • Broad appeal by declaring “unalienable rights” (natural rights) and the power of government rest with the people(popular sovereignty)

  • By July 1776, the Declaration of independence is formally adopted and we AMERICA.

• Colonial Unity?

  • 
    

Patriots

Loyalists

Neutrals?

• 
  Colonists who fought against the British

• Most were around New England are around Boston

• But they were never a majority of the population

• 30%-40% were Patriots

• 
  Colonists loyal to the British

• Opposed to independence

• 20%-30% were loyalists

• They were called Tories over in England

• Tended to be educated & wealthy, older, more conservative

• People who were connected to the monarchy Or the members of the Anglican clergy

• They are going to have a hard time because they are going to be on the losing side

• They are treated as traitors during and after the American Revolution

  • Property seized, harassed

  • About 80,000 emigrated from the USA

• 
  Most colonists were neutral or apathetic

• About ⅓ of the population

• 
  England vs America

  • 
    

British strengths/Colonial weaknesses

Colonial strengths/British weaknesses

• 
  Militarily and economically superior to the colonies

• Developed manufacturing sector

• Considerable loyalist opposition

• Weak government structure under the Continental Congress(& eventually the Article of Confederation)

• 
  Colonists had greater familiarity with the land

• They are fighting the defensive war, all they have to do is not lose and they would win

  • Use of guerilla warfare(attack when it’s favorable to them)

• Resilient military and political leadership

  • (Washington at Valley Forge)

• Ideological commitment

• Eventual support form European allies(FRANCE!)

  • Following Battle of Saratoga

• 
  Why did France help the colonies?

  • France hoped to regain its power in North America and Europe

    • They suffered a bad defeat in 7 Years War

  • Other reasons for France to support the colonists:

    • End of British mercantile policies means free to trade with colonies.

    • Caught up in the idealism and Enlightenment ideas

  • Benjamin Franklin(goes to France) helped negotiate the treaty

  • France was giving colonists secret aid prior to 1778 but nothing formal until the Battle of Saratoga

  • Formal alliance (1778) followed the Battle of Saratoga

    • Colonists receive money, weapons, naval support(very important) and soldiers

• Significant Battles of the Revolution

  • Lexington & Concord(April 1775)

  • Bunker Hill(June 1775)

    • Colonists technically lose, but it’s a moral boost that we can hold our own.

  • Trenton(Dec. 26 1777)

    • Washington crossed Delaware river and capture 1,000 Hessian soldiers

  • Battle of Saratoga(Oct. 1777)

    • British surrender

    • France joins the war on the side of the Americans

  • Later in war England focused war effort on the South

    • Because there is a great amount of loyalists in that region and high slave population

  • Battle of Yorktown(Oct. 1781) General Cornwallis surrenders to American, French troops

    • .French blockaded the sea

    • Final major battle

• Treaty of Paris(1783)

  • Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay headed to Paris to negotiate an end to the war

  • England recognized United States independence

  • Boundary of the US would extend to the Mississippi river to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida

  • Americans agree to:

    • Must respect rights of the loyalists

    • Debt should be repaid not only to the loyalist, but also to the British creditors

• Political impact of the American Revolution

  • Greater political democracy in the new state and national governance

  • State constitutions abolished many old European laws and traditions

    • No titles of nobility could be granted

  • Different ideas of what republicanism would mean

  • Many states eliminated property requirements for voting(eg. Pennsylvania)

  • However the colonial elite remained and other states restricted political involvement

    • Most states did not have full democracy(blacks, women, indians)

  • American Revolution inspired revolution in France, Haiti, and Latin America.

• Social impact of the American Revolution

  • Women played significant roles:

    • Maintaining farm & business while men away

    • Nurses

    • Cooks

    • Etc.

  • Impact: Abigail Adams(wife of John Adams) “Remember the Ladies” called for greater rights for women

  • Ideal of “republican motherhood” which called on women to teach republican values within the family

  • Women were still treated as 2nd class women.

  • Native Americans oftentimes fought on the side of the British

    • British limited colonial settlement

    • (Iroquois Confederation divided over the issue)

  • African Americans eventually were allowed to fight in the Continental Army

    • Royal Governor of Virginia Lord Dunmore promised promised freedom to any slaves who fought FOR the british

  • Following the American Revolution gradual emancipation in the northern and middle states

    • Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law(1780)

      • No more slaves could come in to the state

      • Children born to slave parents would be considered free

    • Later on slavery will expand on the south and adjacent western lands

      • This will create distinct regional attitudes towards slavery

    • Slavery will be protected in the Constitution.

Chapter 9

• State Governments

  • Each state setup its own written plan of government(constitution)

  • Characteristics of these new governments:

    • Separation of powers: power was typically split between 3 branches of government.

      • Legislative branch had the most power due to the fear of a strong executive branch.

    • Property requirements were typical for voter eligibility

    • Many states included bill of rights(religion, trial by jury, etc.)

      • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson

    • Government was set up based upon republicanism (power comes from the people)

      • Debate over what republicanism would look like.

• Articles of Confederation

  • 1st national government of the US

    • Drafted by John Dickinson

    • Formally ratified in 1781

  • Government could:

    • Conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties

  • Created a central government with limited power

    • Unicameral congress

    • No executive branch or court system

    • No power to tax

    • Could not regulate trade between states

    • Other problems

      • 9 votes out 13 to pass laws

      • All states regardless of size had one vote(representation)

      • All 13 states must agree to amend the Article

  • Financial problems

    • Under the Articles of Confederation financial problems plagued the young nation

    • You had to rely on the states to send money to the government

• Northwest Ordinance

  • Land Ordinance of 1784 established the principle that territories could become states as their population grew.

  • Land Ordinance of 1785 set up system for surveying and selling land in Northwest.

    • They set aside a section of land for education

      • A progressive idea at the time

  • Land Ordinance of 1787 set up system for territories to enter the union as new states.

    • Once a territory reached a population of 60,000 they could petition to become a state.

    • Banned slavery north of the Ohio river

      • This adds to further divide south and the north as time goes on.

• Foreign Policy problems

  • British built forts in the west, disrupted trade, and armed Natives

  • Spain banned American shipping along the Mississippi in 1784.

  • France demanded repayment of loans

  • Barbary Pirates harassed American shipping

    • They were North Africa in Mediteranian Sea

    • Before the revolution, we had the protection of powerful British Navy, but now we are on our own.

• Shay’s Rebellion

  • Following the American Revolution the economy suffered a postwar depression

    • Particularly hard hit was farmers

    • Many states printing paper money which is worthless

  • Shay’s Rebellion (1786-1787) Daniel Shay veteran of the revolution and farmer in Massachusetts led a rebellion of poor farmers

    • Demands: lower taxes, end of foreclosures(they don’t want their farms taken over), paper $, end of Imprisonment for debt

    • These demands are not met and mobs form

    • Government was TOO WEAK to put down the rebellion down

      • Shay’s Rebellion increase calls for a stronger central government

• Creating a New Government

  • Growing demand to address the problems facing the nation(trade. finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, & internal unrest)

  • Annapolis Convention (1786): 5 states attend to discuss trade and commerce

    • Not a really successful meeting in terms of accomplishment

    • Two people at the meating Alexander Hamilton & James Madison agree to meet up in 1 year in Philadelphia(it lead to ↓)

  • Constitutional Convention (1787) meets for the purpose of revising the Articles

    • 55 delegates sent “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation

    • 12 states show up, no Rhode Island

    • Very quickly they decided to create an entirely new stronger central government

    • Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and some of the more radical members of the American Revolution Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams were in Europe and were suspicious of this group and they are really worried about the formation of a more powerful government.

  • Compromises of the Convention

    • Big issue at the Convention was about representation in Congress

      • How will they determine the # of representatives for each state.

      • James Madison Introduced the Virginia Plan(Large State Plan)

        • Bicameral(2 house) legislature

        • Representation would be base on population size

      • New Jersey Plan was favored by the small states

        • Unicameral(1 house) legislature

        • Each state would have equal representation

      • Roger Sherman introduced the Great Compromise(Connecticut Plan)

        • Bicameral legislature

        • Upper house (Senate) 2 representatives per state

        • Lower house (House of Reps) based on population

    • Compromises over Slavery

      • Debates over whether slaves should be counted in state population?

        • Southerners said YES. You should count our slaves so we can get more reps

        • Northerners say NO. You don’t give them any political or social or economical rights so the answer is no.

      • 3/5 ^th Compromise: slaves would be counted 3/5 of a person when deciding representation in the House of Reps.

      • Slave trade; allowed to continue until 1808

      • Althugh the word “slave” or “slavery” was not used in the Constitution, the Institution of slavery was very much protected by the original document.

        • For example: Fugitive Slave Clause which says if your slave runs away you are able to reacquire your property and bring them back to your plantation or farm.

  • Debate Over Ratification

    • Federalist: Supporter of the Constitution and a strong central government

    • Anti-Federalist: Critics of the Constitution and favored a weak central government

      • Favored state rights

    • The Federalist Papers (85 essays) written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay to persuade people to support ratification of the Constitution

    • Guarantee of a Bill of Rights helped achieve ratification

      • Enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted powers of the federal government.

    • In 1789 Geroge Washington takes office as the nations 1st President

• ***Know About the Constitution

  • The Constitution set up a government based upon popular sovereignty

    • Popular Sovereignty: Who gives the Government its power?

      • A government in which the people rule

    • Republicanism: How are people’s views represented in the government?

      • People exercise their power by voting for their political representatives.

  • Separation of powers between the 3 branches

  • The Constitution set up a division of power between the national and state government (aka. Federalism)

    • The national government ultimately has supremacy over the states

  • Constitution would be “the supreme law of the land”

  • Presidents would NOT be elected directly by the voters

    • Wanted to limit excessive popular influence

    • They feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule

    • Created the electoral college

Chapter 10

• Washington’s Administration

  • Becomes the 1st President of the US in 1789

    • Unanimously elected

  • Sets many PRECEDENTS that put the principles of the Constitution in practice

    • Two term presidency

    • Established the CABINET (group of advisors who would serve as the heads of different departments)

  • Washington’s Presidential Cabinet:

    • Sec of State: Thomas Jefferson

    • Sec of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

    • Secretary of war: Henry Knox

  • Conflicts will develop as Federalist ideas are implemented by Hamilton

  • Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court with 1 chief justice and 5 associate Justices

    • John Jay is the first

    • It also sets up lower court systems.

• Bill of Right

  • The BILL OF RIGHTS was added to the Constitution to alleviate concerns of the Anti-Federalists

  • There 10 Amendments were intended to provide protections against plan government power

    • 1st amendment: speech, religion, press, assembly

    • 4th: no unreasonable searches and seizures without probable cause

• Hamilton’s Financial Plan

  • Sec of Treasury Alexander Hamilton developed a financial program to pay off the debt and develop American manufacturing

  • Part 1: REPORT ON PUBLIC CREDIT: called for the federal gov to pay off the national debt at face value and assume the war debts of the states(Assumption Plan)

    • Compromise with Jefferson: Capital would be moved to the south(Washington D.C.)

  • Part 2: Hamilton supported 1)high tariffs (tax on imports) nad 2)Excise taxes (tax on specific items such as whiskey)

    • Would protect American “infant” industries from foreign competition

    • Raise revenue to pay off the debt

  • Part 3: He created a NATIONAL BANK that would help create stable, healthy economy, and currency

  • Huge debate over the Bank of the U.S. & the power of the fed gov. under the new Constitution.

    • Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans): Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create a bank

      • Strict interpretation of the Constitution

  • Hamilton (Federalist): the “necessary and proper”(elastic clause) clause allowed Congress to create the BUS since it was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers

    • Loose (Broad) Interpretation of the Constitutions

• First Party System

  • First party system would develop during the 1790’s

    • No mention of political parties in the Constitution

  • Federalist vs. Jeffersonian Republicans

    • 
      

FEDERALIST

Jeffersonian Republicans

• 
  Supported Hamilton’s economic vision (manufacturing)

• Advocated loose interpretation of the Constitution

• Strong central government

• Pro England

• Mostly the wealthy class

• 
  Supported Jefferson’s economic vision 9agrarian society)

• Advocated strict interpretation of the Constitution

• Favored state rights

• Pro French

• Favored farmers

• 
  Whiskey Rebellion

  • Part of Hamilton’s financial plan included an excise tax on whiskey

  • Farmers in Western Pennsylvania

    • Seen as a challenge to the authority of the new federal government

      • Remember the failure of Articles in dealing with Shay’s Rebellion

  • Washington takes over the state militia(around 15k troops) and stops the rebellion by show of force

    • Demonstrated to many the power and effectiveness of the federal government

    • Critics such as Jefferson Disturbed by use of force

• Foreign Policy: France

  • French Revolution deeply divided America

    • Should the US help France?

    • Federalist: concerned about violence & wanted to avoid war with England

    • Democratic Republicans: extension of our own fight for liberty & England was seizing American ships(impressment)

  • Washington issued Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) declaring the US neutral

  • French minister to the US Citizen Edmond GENET traveled in the US trying to convince people to support France

• Foreign Policy: England & Spain

  • England continued to cause the US problems 1) impressment(taking american sailors and forcing them into British Navy) 2) occupied forts in the west

  • Chief Justice John Jay sent to England to negotiate(and avoid war)

  • Jay’s Treaty (1794): British agreed to leave the forts on the frontier

    • Said nothing about stopping Britain’s harassment of American ships or Native issue(England was selling weapons to Natives)

    • Does keep the US neutral

    • Unpopular amongst Jeffersonian Republicans

  • Spain had previously blocked American access to the Mississippi river

  • Pinckney treaty (1975) Spain agrees to allow the US usage of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans

    • Made the northern boundary of Florida the 31st parallel

• Native Americans

  • Native American land continued to be encroaching up by settlers moving west

  • Native tribes formed the Northwest Confederacy under the Miami Chief Little Turtle

  • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) natives defeated by US Army led by General Anthony Wayne

  • Treaty of Greenville (1795): the defeated tribes gave up Ohio Territory

• John Adams

  • George Washington decide to leave office after 2 terms as President (set precedent)

  • Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)(printed on newspapers, a formal speech was not given) warned the nation:

    • Permanent alliances

    • Danger of political parties

  • Election of 1796:

    • Deferalist VP John Adams vs.

    • Democratic republican Thomas Jefferson

  • John Adams becomes President

    • Thomas Jefferson becomes the VP since he finished 2nd

      • Fixed by 12th amendment in 1804

• Foreign Policy Under John Adams

  • France’s war against European nations was a major problem for Adams.

    • Seizing of American ships(mainly by England but also by France).

  • Adams wanted to avoid a war with France and sent US diplomats to Paris.

  • ↑↑↑ This is known as XYZ Affair: French officials knows as X, Y, Z attempted to get the Americans to bribe them in order to start negotiations with Foreign Minister Talleyrand

    • Outraged many Americans - “millions for defense, but no one cent for bribe.”

    • Demands for war amongst American public

  • Quasi War: undeclared naval war between France & the US

• States vs. Federal Government

  • 
    

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

• 
  Reason: Passed by Federalist controlled Congress to limit the political opposition(of Democratic-Republicans)

• Naturalization Act: increased time from 5 to 14 years for immigrants to become American citizens

• Alien Act: President could deport or arrest immigrant considered dangerous

• Sedition Act: made it illegal to criticize the government(newspapers or political opponents)

• 
  Reason: To oppose federal laws that Democratic-Republicans felt were unconstitutional

• Kentucky Resolution (Jfferson) & Virginia Resolution (Madison) said a state could nullify federal laws passed by congress they felt were unconstitutional

  • Compact Theory:states had made a compact with the national government(if the nat govt. Violated the compact, the states don’t have to abide by it either.).

• Argument of nullification will be used by South Carolina in the 1830s and used by southerners when they secede from the Union.

Chapter 11

• Election of 1800

  • John Adams is running for reelection against Thomas Jefferson

  • Election of 1800: Federalist lost control of both the executive and the legislative branches.

    • Thomas Jefferson becomes the 1st Democratic-Republican president

  • “Revolution of 1800” 1st peaceful transfer of power between political parties.

    • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

• Federalist & the Judicial Branch

  • Federalist wanted to maintain some grip on power and passed the Judiciary Act of 1801

    • Created new judicial positions

  • Called the Midnight Appointments

    • Attempt by Adams administration to put Federalists judges in place before leaving office

  • One of the midnight appointees (William Marbury) sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission

    • Leads to Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)

  • Parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional

  • ***This established the idea of judicial review

    • The Supreme Court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional

    • Massive expansion of judicial power

  • As Chief Justice John Marshall will dramatically increase power of the federal government

• How Jeffersonian was Jefferson?

  • Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans:

    • Created by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

    • Strict interpretation of the Constitution

    • Limited fed government

    • Believed in nation of farmers

  • Jeffersonian policies: Eliminated excise taxes, lowered national debt

  • Does not dismantle all of the Federalist policies: He keeps the BUS(Bank of The US) & debt plan

  • TJ attempted to buy New Orleans from France

    • Napoleon offers to sell all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million

      • Why: needs money

        • Haiti Revolution

        • Fight against England

  • Although the Constitution does not say the president could purchase foreign land, TJ supported the deal

    • Jefferson used loose interpretation of the Constitution & the idea of implied powers to make the deal

• Louisiana Purchase

  • Doubled the size of the US

    • Supports Jefferson’s vision of a agrarian society of independent farmers

  • Avoided potential threat(France) along the nation’s border

  • Further weakened Federalist party

  • Lewis and Clark led a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi West.

    • Start of the US claims to the Oregon Territory & Pacific coast

• Aaron Burr

  • Was VP during Jefferson's first term of office

  • He plotted with some radical Federalist to secede New England states from the union

    • Alexander Hamilton helped defeat Burr in the NY election

  • Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804

    • Put on trial for treason but acquitted

• Violation to American Neutrality

  • War in Europe continued to cause problems for the United States

  • Violations of the US Neutrality

  • Impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into British Navy

  • France issued the Berlin Decree (1806) that said they would seize ships trading with England

  • England issued the Orders in Council (1806) that said whips must stop in England first

  • Showdown:

    • Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807): English ship Leopard attacked American ship the Chesapeake

• Jefferson’s Response

  • Jefferson didn’t wanted to fight with Britain after the Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807)

  • He issued the Embargo Act of 1807

    • Banned US trade with ALL foreign nations

  • Impact: The US economy plummeted

  • Unintended Consequences:

    • Helped fuel the industrial revolution in the New England region

• President James Madison

  • Just before Jefferson leaves office, he repeals the embargo act.

  • James Madison becomes president in 1809

  • Non-Intercourse Act (1809): replaced the Embargo Act. The US could trade with all nations EXCEPT France & England

  • Macon’s Bill #2: Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act (1809). US would end embargo if the country respected US neutrality and freedom of the sea

  • Members of Congress in 1811 known as the “War Hawks” advocated for war against England

    • Why:

    • Stop British harassment

    • Wipe out Native resistance on the frontier

    • Take Canada from England

• Native Resistance on the Frontier

  • Shawnee brothers Tecumesh and “the Prophet” organized a confederacy of tribes east of the MIssissippi river

  • William Henry Harrison organized an army and attacked native resistance in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe

    • Huge blow to native resistance and win for American expansion

• War of 1812 Declared

  • England’s arming of Natives on the frontier

  • England’s continued violations of US neutrality

  • Pressure from War Hawks in Congress

    • Desire for more land, protect American honor, etc.

  • Democratic-Republicans tended to favor France

Chapter 12

• War of 1812

  • Initially went poorly for the US

    • Nation was divided

      • Was opposed by Federalists in the congress and merchants in New England

    • Failed invasion of Canada

  • The British burned Washington D.C. and attempt to defeat Fort McHenry in Baltimore

  • Treaty of Ghent formally ended the war- nothing gained- stalemate!

  • Two weeks after the war ended Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans

    • Marks the beginning of Andrew Jackson as a national figure and hero

• Hartford Convention

  • Some Federalist met to discuss their concerns (December 1814)

    • Some radical Federalists encourage secession

      • This idea was mostly voted down

      • This sets a president later used by the south

  • Nail in the coffin for the Federalist party

• Era of Good Feelings

  • Following the War of 1812 there was a huge increase in nationalism

    • We have survived two wars against England

    • We are gaining respect of the World

    • We have new war heroes

  • James Monroe elected in 1816

    • He easily beats his Federalist opponent.

    • Democratic-Republicans(part of Monroe) is beginning to adapt some of the Federalist policies

    • Period of only ONE political party, the Democratic-Republican party was known as “The Era of Good Feelings”

  • Not all good feelings

    • Growing sectionalism

    • Debate over the American system (tariff, BUS, etc)

    • Slavery

    • Panic of 1819

      • Caused by over-speculation of frontier lands

      • First major economical crash under the Constitution

• The American System

  • Henry Clay instituted the “American System”

    • Expression of economic nationalism

    • National Republicans adopt policies similar to the Federalist

  • Tariff of 1816: 1st protective tariff

    • To protect American goods from British competition by putting this tax on it(on british goods) to make American goods more attractive

    • Designed to help American industry/Manufacturing

  • 2nd Bank of the US (1816): help ensure financial stability and provide credit

    • First BUS expired in 1811.

    • Internal Improvements: development of canals and roads to link the nation together

      • Madison and Monroe vetoed proposals to use federal funds on roads and canals

        • They thought that the constitution didn’t give the nat. Gov. that authority

      • NY completed Erie Canal 1825

• Missouri Compromise

  • Missouri petitions to enter the union as a slave state (part of the Louisiana territory)

    • This would upset the sectional balance between slave and free states (11 slave states, 11 free states - important for power in congress)

    • Tallmadge Amendment proposed:

      • Gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri

      • This amendment is defeated by the south in the senate

    • Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay in 1820:

      • Missouri enters as slave state

      • Maine enters as a free state

      • Above 36°30’ slavery would be prohibited

    • Missouri Compromise temporarily stemmed growing tensions

• Supreme Court

  • Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws.

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): established judicial review

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): Maryland tries to tax the BUS.

    • State could not tax a federal agency

    • Court says “power to tax is power to destroy”

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ruled that only the federal government (Congress) could regulate interstate trade

  • ***All of these gave more power to the federal government

• Foreign Policy developments

  • The US starts to have some stability in foreign affairs and diplomatic success

    • Hugely important is Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

  • Anglo-American Convention 1818 between US and England

    • Joint occupation of Oregon territory for 10 years

    • Set northern boundary of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel

  • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) the US acquired Florida

    • The US agreed to give up claim to Texas

• Monroe Doctrine

  • US feared that Europe would try to recolonize territory in the western hemisphere

  • England also wanted to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere

  • Monroe Doctrine (1823) the US warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

    • The US agreed to avoid European affairs

  • Not much immediate impact

    • Later on,especially in 1890s onward the US will play a huge role in Latin American affairs

Chapter 13 (class notes)

1.Andrew Jackson had faith in the ability of the people to participate in government.

• Jackson was supportive of the ability of the people in government, as he appointed many of his friends to public office. (the spoil system)

• He believed that “every man is as good as his neighbor.”

• Kept and consulted with a group of close friends as a secondary cabinet, the kitchen cabinet, which allowed him to gain and consider multiple perspectives.

• He was strongly against the idea of an aristocratic, bureaucratic, officeholding class.

• Andrew Jackson obviously had faith in the ability of the people to participate in government as he was the first president to be elected through direct appeal to the masses, this he often boasted about.

2. Andrew Jackson understood the importance of political support from friends.

• He appointed many of his friends to political office through the spoils system

• Had a group of informal advisors (His kitchen cabinet)

• Removed money from Bank of the US and put it into smaller banks that were friends of Jackson

• Believed that jobs in the government could be “so plain and simple” that basically anyone could do it. He also appointed many officers for life tenure.

• Often consulted friends before making huge decisions

• A few of his friends (William Lewis and Ralph E.W. Earl) lived in the white house for quick and easy advice

3. Andrew Jackson believed in the power of a strong presidency and used his power effectively.

• Jackson ignored the ruling of the Supreme Court several times and exercised the executive power of the President.

• When South Carolina voted to nullify tariffs, Andrew Jackson wanted to attempt to collect tariffs duties by force, showing the power of a strong federal government.

• Jackson used his power to veto more often than the previous six presidents combined

• Jackson used the spoils system to appoint officials that were loyal to him and so solidified his power.

4. Andrew Jackson believed that the federal government was supreme to that of the states.

• Andrew Jackson’s proclamation against the nullification of the tariff of 1832 in South Carolina demonstrated his stubbornness towards state secession and upholded the belief that the federal government is higher than state and can administer tariffs

• Under Jackson’s administration, the force bill was passed and this gives the President the power to use military force to enforce tariffs.

• Jackson enforced the Indian Removal Act that let the military forcibly removed Native Americans even though some states had allowed the natives to stay.

5. Andrew Jackson championed the desire of white Americans over the rights and desires of Native Americans.

• Chose to ignore the Supreme Court decision that ruled in favor of the Native Americans. Instead, he forced the Native Americans out of their land.

• Referred to Native Americans as “savage hunters” as reasoning for why taking their land was justified.

• Chose not to treat the Natives as another nation and took their land without any treaties and forced them westward to create more space for American settlement

• Indian removal act of 1830 displaced many Native Americans from their homes and forced them farther West. At least 3000 indigenous people died on the trail of tears- when Cherokee native americans were forced to leave their homelands.

• The Native Americans, mostly Cherokees, were forced out of land in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi, and were forced to new lands in the Oklahoma Territory.

Chapter 13

• Background to the ‘Corrupt Bargain’

  • Under 12th Amendment: The house must choose among the top three candidates for president.

  • Speaker of the House Clay and JQA both supported the American system

  • Clay throws his support behind John Quincy Adams

    • So John Quincy Adams became the president

  • Henry Clas was picked as the new Secretary of State

    • Awesome position to become president(3 previous presidents were sec secretary of state before becoming president)

  • According to Jackson’s supporters, Adams had bribed Clas with the position.

  • Jackson peeps denounce “corrupt bargain”

• John Quincy Adams

  • Foreign policy legend:

  • Accomplishments as Secretary of State:

    • Rush-Bagot Treaty

    • British-American Convention

    • Adams-Onis Treaty

    • Monroe Doctrine

  • Difficulties as President

    • Never had majority of support

    • Charges of “corruption” hanging over him

• Post 1824 Election

  • Final Split amongst “united” Republicans under the Era of Good Feelings

    • The National Republicans

      • It means you support Adams

    • The Democratic-Republicans

      • It means you support Jacskon

• Election of 1828

  • Dirty campaign

  • Sectional results of vote

  • But Jackson crushed JQA in the rematch

  • First president from the West

  • He is seen as a “common man”

  • Most states had lifted property requirements (except virginia rhode island and NC)

• Democratization of American Society

  • Most states eliminate property requirements for voting

  • Eventually universal white male voting (suffrage)

• Inauguration Day(1829)

  • Jackson”s inauguration seen as a victory for common man

• Political Changes

  • 1790-1828: Caucus System

    • Small group of individuals within the party would choose the candidate

  • After 1828: Party Convention

    • Members from the political party nominate the candidate.

  • Spoils System: rewarding political supporters with public office

    • Jacson defended it on democratic grounds

    • Corruption and ineffectiveness accompanied the new system

• Nullification Crisis

  • Tariff of 1828 passed by Congress

    • Northerners love it, Southerners hate it

    • Sectionalism on the rise again!

  • Southerners refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations”

  • Pamphlet published “South Carolina Exposition” written by John C. Calhoun(VP at the time)

    • It outlined the Nullification Theory

  • Nullification Theory: A state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or nullify it

  • South Carolina says we have the right to nullify this(tariff of 1828) but we don't have the ⅔ votes

  • Another tariff passed by Congress- Tariff of 1832

    • Even though this lovers the tax rates:

    • South Carolina is pissed

      • Nullification is approved: the tariff would not be collected in South Carolina

      • SC Threatened secession if attempt made to collect the tax.

      • This is known as the Nullification Crisis

• Jackson Responds

  • Jackson was not a fan of the tariff, but wanted to defend the union

  • “Olive Branch and Sword”

    • Force Bill of 1833: Federal army would collect tariff

      • Nullification would not be tolerated.

    • Compromise Tariff of 1833: Henry Clay help negotiate a lower tariff

  • Thus nullification was rescinded

    • Union preserved

  • Sign of things to come?

    • SC will leave the union in 1869

• Jackson’s Indian Policy

  • Jackson’s Goal:

    • Expansion into Southwest for Southern planters

    • Indian Removal Act of 1830

      • Five Civilized tribes ----- forcibly removed

• Result of Indian Removal Act

  • Jacson’s policy led to uprooting of thousands of Native people

  • Seminole Indians refused to leave Florida

    • Brutal war took place between the US and Sminole Natives called Second Seminole War(1835)

  • Courts protect the rights of Cherokee:

    • Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Georgia law does not apply to the Cherokee nation

      • Cherokee cannot be forced to move by the US government

  • Jackson chooses to ignore federal courts decision

    • He famously said “John Marshall has ,ade his decision, let him enforce it if he can”

  • Trail of Tears (1838): forced removal of 15k Cherokees to leave Georgia.

• Bank War

  • 1816 Congress gave 20 year Charter to the Bank of the US

    • It wasn’t dues until 1836, but:

    • Congress approves recharter in 1832 with help of Henry Clay.

      • Henry Clay wants to make it an issue in ELECTIONS OF 1832.

  • 1832→Jacson vetoed the recharter of the 2nd National Bank of the US

    • Some accuse him of exercising too much power

• Jackson wins the reelection in 1832

  • Bank War(continued)

    • Andrew Jackson took steps to destroy the national bank prior to 1836.

    • Orders all federal funds withdrawn in 1833

      • Place them into “Pet Banks”( State banks that were loyal)

    • Bank President Nicholas Biddle calls in loans

      • Widespread economic uncertainty

• Economic Collapse

  • Specie Circular: Issued in 1836: required that public land be purchased with gold or silver(“hard” currency)

  • Panic of 1837 - Caused by a variety of factors

    • Over speculation in western lands

    • Bank battle

    • Specie circular

• Election of 1836

  • Martin Van Buren becomes president

    • He is the Democrat party, party of Andrew jackson and the party of slavery.

• New political Parties

  • 
    

Democrats

Whigs

• 
  Small national gov’t

• Federal gov’t should stay out of economic affairs and social issues

• Strength: South, West and amongst workers.

• 
  Favored strong central gov’t

• Supported Clay’s American System

• Tended to support public schooling and moral reform movements (prohibition of liquor)

• Strengths: New England area, Protestants, etc.

• 
  Texas Independence

  • Mexico wins independence from Spain

  • Stephen Austion given large amount of land in modern day Texas

    • Immigrants had to be Catholic

    • Follow Mexican law

  • Mexico outlaws slavery in 1830 and prohibits furhter immigration

  • In 1836 Texas declared independence from Mexico.

  • Santa Anna leads 6k of troops into Texas to stop this independence movement

  • 13 day siege kills 200 Texans at the Alamo

  • Sam Houston wins decisive battle at San Jacinto

• Texas Annexation issue

  • Lone Star Republic in 1836

  • Texas is now a nation

  • Santa anna rejects the treaty that Texas is independents

  • In 1837 Andrew Jackson recognizes republic of Texas just as he is about to leave

  • Request for admission into the Union

    • Delayed due to the contentious issue of slavery

• Election of 1840

  • First Whig president

  • William Henry Harrison becomes the president

  • “Log Cabin Campaign” - Adopt log cabin and hard cider as symbols for the campaign

  • Demonstrate need to appeal to the masses

  • He is the oldest president at the time(he was 68 yo)

  • He dies 32 days after taking office!

Chapter 14

• Market Revolution

  • Regional specialization: Sections developing distinct economies

    • North: Industrial Revolution(factories, mills, etc)

    • West: agriculture(wheat, livestock, etc)

    • South: Cash crop economy(all about cotton)

  • Technology and transportation improvements

  • Population increase-high birth rate

    • Immigration:

      • Irish, German, English, etc

  • Growth of Cities (NY, Chicago, New Orleans, etc,)

  • Western expansion - raises the issue of slavery again

  • Economic changes had impact on migration patterns, gender and family relations, and class relations.

• Immigration

  • Spike in immigration

    • Lots of land(and cheaper than europe)

    • Jobs in factories

    • American freedom and opportunity

    • Irish potato famine (mid-1840s)

• Irish Immigrants

  • Largely settled in cities(Boston, NY)

  • Oftentimes did hard labor for low wages

  • Victims of prejudice

    • Anger of native born Americans over “stealing” jobs since they worked for low wages

    • Many were Catholic and victims of anti-Catholicism

  • Important politically support for Democrats

    • Tammany Hall in NY

• German Immigrants

  • Extremely diverse group

    • Germany not a nation

    • Mix of religions

    • Wide variety of social classes/occupations

    • Largely settle in Old Northwest

  • German communities

• Nativists

  • Reasons:

    • Took jobs from “native” Americans

    • Would outvote the “native” Americans, ruin American culture

    • Many were Roman Catholics

  • Know Nothing Party - group of American nativists.

    • Advocated for restrictions on immigrants

  • America was becoming more ethnically and racially diverse

• Diverging Economic Systems:

  • Regional Economic Specialization

  • Regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns

• Northern Manufacturing

  • Samuel Slater - 1790s “Father of the factory system”

    • Memorized plans for machinery from England

  • Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable parts - allows for mass production in factories & greater efficiency

  • Samuel Morse invents the telegraph in 1844

    • Revolution in communication

• Factory Work in The North

  • Change in work

    • Manufacturing done in factories

      • Long hours, low wages, dangerous

      • From semi subsistence agriculture to “wage slaves”

  • Lowell System - factory in Massachusetts worked by New England farmers daughters (late Irish women)

  • Commonwealth v. Hunt - labor unions were allowed by Massachusetts supreme court

    • No major labor union movement until later

  • Impact:

    • Northern economic advantage in Civil War

• Transportation Revolution

  • Steamboat Clermont developed in 1807 by Robert Faulten

    • Transportation costs cheaper

  • Turnpikes built

    • Cumberland Road built in 1811

  • Erie Canal 91825) built by New York state

    • Linked Great Lakes with hudson river

    • Canal boom 1820-1830s

  • Railroads: fast, reliable, cheaper than canals

    • Explosion of construction (especially in North)

  • Impact:

    • Continental economy emerged by 1860

      • Extended markets

    • Who should pay: fed vs state

• Farming Inventions: Revolution in the fields

  • Cyrus McCormick invents the McCormic reaper (1830)

    • Cut and gather more crops

  • John Deere invents the steel plow in 1837

    • Broke through the soil

  • Consequences

    • Subsistence farming gave rise to LARGE SCALE FARMING

    • Demand for more land and machinery

      • Increase debt amongst farmers

  • Need better transportation

• Eli Whitneys’ Cotton Gin (1793)

  • Created huge demand for slaves

  • Northern factories purchased this cotton

• ***

  • Southern cotton will be the raw material for manufacturing in the North

    • Increase in internal slave trade

  • Transformation from a subsistence economy of tiny farmers and workshops to a national network of industry and commerce

  • Changed family dynamics as women and children leave the home to work in factories

    • “CULT OF DOMESTICITY” still in place

Chapter 15

• Big ideas:

  • The second great Awakening, liberal social ideas from abroad, and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility fostered the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular reforms, including abolitionist and women's rights.

  • Various groups of American Indians, women, and religious followers developed cultures reflecting their interest and experiences, as did regional groups and an emerging urban middle class.

• New Ideas: Liberalism in Religion

  • Deism

    • Less revelation, more reliance on reason

    • Less bible, more science

    • But they believe in god

      • Gave human beings capacity for moral behavior

  • UNITARIANISM

    • Spinoff from less extreme Puritanism of the past

    • Humans(in a unitarian view) have FREE WILL and the possibility of SALVATION BY GOOD WORKS

      • God not as stern Creator, but loving father

    • Contrast with hellfire doctrines of Calvinism

      • REJECTING PREDESTINATION and human wickedness

• Second Great Awakening

  • Reasons:

    • Unlike the First Great Awakening was a response to the enlightenment, this Second Great Awakening is the result of lack of religion.

    • Concern over lack of religious zeal

    • Ideas if Deism and Unitarianism

    • Here is the long cause: The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, alo

• Wave of revivals

  • Spread Across the country

  • Frontier “camp meetings”

  • Charles Finney - revival preacher who leads revival in New York are in 1830s

    • Against slavery and alcohol

  • Numerous citizens CONVERTED

    • “Born again Christians”

    • Boston church attendance

  • NEW RELIGIOUS SECTS formed METHODISTS and BAPTISTS huge increase in numbers

  • Stressed personal conversion (not predestination)

  • DEMOCRATIC control of the church affairs

  • EMOTIONALISM in worship

  • Increase in EVANGELICALISM inspire reform efforts - AGE OF REFORM

    • Prison Reform

    • Temperance

    • Women’s movement

    • Anti-Slavery

  • Key part of Second Great Awakening was the KEY ROLE OF WOMEN IN RELIGION

    • Majority of new church members

    • Women role of bringing family back to God

    • Inspired involvement in various other reform efforts

• MORMONS

  • JOSEPH SMITH(founder) - Creates Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

    • Travels to Illinois

    • Murdered by angry mob in 1844

  • BRIGHAM YOUNG(new leader) leads the followers to Utah in 1846-47

    • Develops a separate community (“New Zion”)

    • Prosperous COOPERATIVE frontier community

    • Settlement increases by birthdate and immigrant from abroad (missionary)

  • Will not be admitted into the union until 1896

    • ISSUE OF POLYGAMY(having multiple viwes)

• Age of reform

• Dorothy Dix

  • Worked tirelessly to reform mental health treatment

    • Traveled the country to document the problem

      • Leads to professional treatment for the mentally ill.

• Educational Reform

  • Tax supported school were rare in early years of the republic

  • BENEFITS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

    • Instill REPUBLICAN values

    • Instill Values: discipline, hard work, etc.

    • AMERICANIZE IMMIGRANTS

  • HORACE MANN - Secretary of Mass. Board of Education.

    • Longer school terms

    • Compulsory(required) attendance

    • Expanded curriculum

    • More schools

  • NORTH benefitted far more from educational reforms

    • Illegal for black slaves to learn to read and write

  • There was no need for education in the SOUTH since it was based on plantations

• Temperance Movement

  • Drinking Problems

    • FACTORY system needed efficient labor

    • FAMILY life

    • Seen as IMMIGRANT issue(Irish and Germany drinking way too much)

  • American Temperance Society created in 1826

    • Urged members to stop drinking

    • Created propaganda to spread their “dry” message

  • Move from temperance to legal prohibition

    • They moved from propaganda to using legal action to stop drinking

  • Maine Law of 1851

    • Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor

  • Nationwide with the 18th Amendment

• Women Resist

  • Women were treated like SECOND CLASS CITIZENS

    • Democratization did not apply to women

      • “Age of Common Man”

  • “Cult of domesticity”

    • The home was a women’s special sphere

  • Idea of “REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD”

    • Mothers should raise children to be good citizens

  • As a result:

  • Women Reformers:

    • Inspired by Second Great Awakening

    • Demand rights for women, temperance movement, and the abolition of slavery

  • Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both advocated for suffrage for women

  • Women’s Rights: Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

    • Stanton read “Declaration of Sentiments”

    • “All men and women are created equal”

    • Demand rights to vote for women

    • Launched the modern women’s rights movement

  • Women’s rights was overshadowed by abolitionist movement

• Transcendentalism

  • Truth, “transcends” the senses

    • Not just found by observation alone

  • Every person possess an INNER LIGHT that can illuminate the highest truth

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson - Stress self reliance, self improvement, and freedom.

    • “THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR”(a speech) in 1837 at Harvard challenged Americans to make their own art and culture(don’t just copy Europe)

  • Henry David Thoreau - “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” (1849) & “Walde” (1854), (these are books***)

• Utopian Communities

  • Various movements to move away from conventional society and create a utopian community.

  • MORMONS: religious communal effort

  • BROOK FARM: Communal TRANSCENDENTALIST experiment in Mass.

    • Secular, humanistic

  • NEW HARMONY : create a socialist type community that would be an answer to the problems presented by INDUSTRIALIZATION.

Chapter 16

• Slavery In America

  • Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia (1676) leads to shift from indentured servants to black slavery

  • 1780s: Slavery issue of debate at the Constitutional Convention

    • They postponed a solution

    • 3/5th compromise

    • Slave trade Ends in 1808

    • Fugitive Slave Act

  • Following American Revolution slavery slowly ends in Northern and middle states.

  • Lavery banned in Northwest Ordinance 1787

  • Missouri Compromise

    • North and South were able to postpone a major sectional crisis with the MO Compromise in 1820

• “KING COTTON”

  • Southern economy was always reliant on CASH CROPS such as tobacco, rice, and cotton

    • ELI WHITNEY invents cotton gin and makes the cash crop economy profitable.

    • Demand for land for cotton production leads to huge increase in DEMAND FOR SLAVE LABOR

  • MARKET REVOLUTION: northern industries demand for southern cotton

  • Prosperity of South, North, and England built on backs of slave labor.

• Western Expansion

  • Western expansion and the issue of slavery will cause an increase in sectional conflict

    • Missouri Compromise(1820)

    • Compromise of 1850

    • Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854)

• Antebellum South

  • Primarily agrarian society: “KING COTTON”

    • Lack of industrialization

    • $$$ was invested in slave labor

  • 25% of population owned slaves

    • Majority of southerners were not slave owners

      • Yet they support institution of slavery

        • Hopeful they will one day own slaves

        • Racism: Felt higher than slaves in southern society

  • Southern politics was in many ways a OLIGARCHY

    • Government by the wealthy few

      • Plantation owners

    • Southern large slaveholders control southern politics

  • Southern society can be broken down to these 4 groups

    • 1)Southern plantation owners(the 1%)

    • 2)Small slaveholders(10 slaves or less)

    • 3)Yeoman farmers(no slaves)

    • 4)People of the pine barrens(no slaves, no land)

  • Contrast with the north

    • Lack of immigration to the south

      • Expensive land in south

      • Lack of competition dues to free labor

    • Lack of public schooling reforms

• African American Communities

  • African American population in the NORTH

    • About 250,000

    • Life weren’t that good for them even though there was no slavery in the north

    • Tension with Irish immigrant

      • Competition over low skilled jobs

  • Free black population in the SOUTH

    • About 250,000

    • Many RESTRICTIONS ON DAILY LIFE

      • Especially after Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831

• Slavery

  • Chattel slavery

    • Slaves treated as property

    • “UNCLE TOM’S Cabin” : brought the issue of families being broken up to a mass audience

  • By the eve of the civil war most slaves were in the DEEP SOUTH

  • Slaves were not afforded any social, political, or civil rights

    • Illegal to learn to read or write

  • African American Culture emerged as a blending of African And American cultural influences

    • Aftrican American religion(especially after 2nd GA)

      • Black Christianity [Baptists & Methodists]:

        • African practice of responsorial style of preaching

        • Drawing on West African traditions

      • Importance of music in black culture. [esp. Spirituals]

• Resistance to slavery

  • Forms of resistance

    • Work slowdowns

    • Negligence

      • Break equipment

    • Run away: Underground RR

    • Slave revolt

  • Slave revolts were not common

    • Whites had the weapons

    • Stono Rebellion (1739): South Carolina slaves runaway to Florida

    • Denmark Vessey (1822): massive revolt planned in South Carolina

    • Nat Turner (1831): revolt in Virginia killed 60 people(Only revolt in which southernern whites were killed)

  • Southerners react

    • Harsher Laws: “BLACK CODES”

    • Slave patrols

• Abolitionist Movements

  • Quakers were earliest opponents to slavery

  • AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY

    • Transport freed slaves back to Africa(1822 Monrovia, Liberia)

      • This was a failed plan because it was impractical

  • David Walker- “ appeal to the colored citizens of world” (1829) called for violent uprising.

  • William Lloyd Garrison ( 1833)

    • American anti-slavery society called for immediate uncompensated emancipation.

      • published “The liberator”

  • Sojourner Truth & Frederick Douglas: Former slaves who advocated for abolitionism

  • Liberty Party (1840)

• Southern reaction: Defence of Slavery

  • Gag Resolution in Congress (1836-1844)

    • Ban on antislavery petitions being discussed in Congress

    • repealed by John Quincy Adams in 1844

  • Bans on teaching slaves to read or write

  • Southern states adopt strict SLAVE CODES

    • Nat Turner revolt

  • Anti-Slaver messages banned from Southern mail

  • Pro-Slavery argument by George Fitzhugh

    • Slaves as family

    • Better than “wafe slavery”

    • Civilized inferior people

Chapter 17

• Election of 1840

  • Whigs chose William Henry Harrison

  • Vice President John Tyler

    • Former Democrat

  • William Henry Harrison dies 32 days after taking office

• Beef with President Tyler

  • Tyler still holds many Democrats beliefs

  • starts to block goals of the Whig party (led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster)

  • Attempts to annexed Texas

    • defeated by Congress

• Election of 1844

  • Polk wins

    • Wants to annex Texas

  • Lame duck President John Tyler submitted proposal and Congress annexed Texas (before end of his term)

    • accomplished by a joint resolution (only need the majority of both houses)

      • Does not need two-thirds approval by Senate

• Goals of James K. Polk

  • Lower the tariff

  • National Expansion: Manifest Destiny

    • Expansion into Oregon

      • “54° 40, or Fight” threat to England

    • Annexation of Texas

    • Acquisition of CA

• Manifest Destiny

  • Belief that it was America's Destiny to conquer and civilize the entire contents from east to west

    • built upon belief of white superiority

  • term coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845

    • western expansion been going on for some time

      • Louisiana Purchase of 1803

        • Missouri Compromise 1820

      • Jackson's Indian Removal policies in 1830s

    • issue of slavery complicated the issue of western expansion

• The Oregon Dispute: “54’ 40 or Fight!”

  • Anglo American Convention of 1818:

    • us and England agree to peacefully jointly occupy Oregon Territory

  • Oregon Trail

    • Many American sellers flood into the area

  • major issue in the election of 1844

  • Oregon treaty 1846:

    • 49th parallel, no war needed

• Beef With Mexico

  • Mexico still View Texas as part of Mexico

    • dispute over River Rio Grande and Nueces River

  • attempts to buy California from Mexico

    • Slidell mission: Mexico refuses offer of $25 million for California

  • Polk sent Zachary Taylor into disputed Territory between Mexico and Texas

    • US forces attacked in April 1846

  • Mexican American war begins: 1846-1848

• Controversy

  • Northern Whigs opposed the war

    • see it as an attempt by Southerners to expand slavery

  • Lincoln introduces the “ spot resolution” demanding to know if attacked really took place on us soil

  • Wilmot Proviso: attempted to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

    • Passed by House, rejected by senate

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

  • Cook gave up claims to Texas

    • except the Rio Grande border

  • Mexico gave the US California, New Mexico, and rest of the Southwest

    • increase US Territory by ⅓

  • Mexico lost about half of its territory

    • this strains relations between the US and Mexico

• New Controversies:

  • New territories were brought into the Union which forced the issue of slavery into the center of national politics

Chapter 18

• Free soil movement

  • The Mexican-American War issue of slavery in the territories became the key cause of sectional tension

  • Free Soil Party formed in 1848:” Free Soil, free labor, and free man”

    • wanted no slavery in new land to the West

    • they wanted to keep breasts an opportunity for whites only

    • they were not against slavery in the South

  • many Southerners saw any attempt to restrict the expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights

• 1848 Presidential Candidates

  • Whigs Took no position on slavery in the election

    • their candidate was Zachary Taylor

  • Cass supports popular sovereignty

    • people in the territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery

    • their candidate was Lewis Cass

  • Free Soil Party opposed the extension of slavery in the territories( Wilmot Proviso position)

    • their candidate was Martin van Buren

• Gold is discovered in California

  • California Gold Rush, 1849

  • sectional tension between the North and South grew

  • California creates a constitution Banning slavery and asked Congress for admission as a free state

• Crisis over Mexican Cession

  • California try to become a free state, Cool balance of power in the Senate

    • 15 free states

    • 15 slave states

  • Southerners increasingly defensive over the institution of slavery

    • they saw the following as a threat:

      • Tallmadge Amendment 1819

      • Wilmot Proviso 1846

      • Underground Railroad

• Threats of Secession

  • Call Southerners” fire eaters” talked openly of secession

  • could there be another compromise

    • we already had:

      • Missouri Compromise 1820

      • Nullification Crisis 1828 to 1833

        • Force Bill and compromise Tariff of 1833

  • Marie clay and Stephen Douglas calmed the situation down

• Compromise of 1850

  • California admitted as a free state

  • Mexican Cession And Utah and New Mexico set up as territories

    • slavery will be determined by popular sovereignty in those two regions

  • it's banned slave trade in Washington DC

  • Tougher new fugitive slave law for the South

  • settle or dispute between New Mexico and Texas in New Mexico's favor

  • President Zachary Taylor dies, The new President Fillmore called the Compromise of 1850 the “final settlement” of sectional division

• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

  • Increase the sectional tension in the 1850s as a result of the Fugitive Slave Act

  • Fugitive Slave Act turn the north into a hunting ground for fugitive slaves

    • Nurse would go to North hunting for their escaped slaves

    • Northerners who assisted slaves could go to jail

  • slaves could not testify in court and were denied a jury trial

  • First time moderate Northerners saw the issue of slavery in their backyards

• Northern Resistance

  • Northerners are suddenly sympathetic to the Abolitionist Movement

    • Growth in the Abolitionist Movement

  • Underground Railroad: helped escaped slaves to reach the North or to Canada

  • personal Liberty laws:

    • did not allow the use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves

  • vigilance committees: Galt protect you should have slaves from the slave-catchers

  • Anthony Burns: 1853 Escape From Slavery

• 1852 Election results

  • Democrats Franklin Pierce wins

  • whigs divided over slavery issue

• National Expansion Challenged

  • debate over slavery slowed any attempts at National Expansion( manifest destiny)

  • Free Soil supporters had suspicions of any expansion attempts under President Pierce

  • Ostend Manifesto: plan for the US to buy Cuba from Spain

  • free soilers denounce this plan

  • Northerners increasingly feared at the South was attempting to create a slave Empire or" slavocracy"

• Gadsden Purchase

  • Although most attempts at expansion fail under President Pierce, The US does agree to purchase a strip of land for 10 million dollars from Mexico in 1853.

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

  • Stephen Douglas wants to secura a railroad through his home state of Illinois out to the west.

    • Southerners aren’t going to approve any railroad route in that area because it would be North of 36:30 which means it would not have slavery allowed

  • In order to win Southern approval in Congress he introduces the Kansas-Nebraska Act

    • It would set up two territories:

      • Kansas

      • Nebraska

    • And the issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereighnty

  • Repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820

    • Slavery could potentially go north of 36-30 line

  • Huge opposition in the North

    • Whig party falls

    • Republican party formed

  • This act opened area to slavery that previously it was clode off to.

Chapter 19

• Northern resistance(to Fugitive Slave Act)

  • “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(a book) By Harriet Beecher Stowe(1852)

  • inspired many Northerners to resist the Fugitive Slave Act

  • brought morality argument to the slavery debate

    • expose the horrors of Slavery to a northern and European audiences

  • Lincoln: “ So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this Great War.”

• Result of the KANSAS-NEBRASKA Act

  • It was assumed that the Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state

  • pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces flood into Kansas

    • England Emigrant Aid company: Send Free Soil settlers to the area(anti-slavery)

    • from Missouri pro-slavery”border ruffians” came into Kansas

  • Two rival governments set up

    • Topeka - free soil

    • Lecompton - Slave govt.

• Republican party is formed as a response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Bleeding Kansas

  • Sack of Lawrence 1856 - Free Soil town attacked by pro slavery foces

  • Pottawatomie Creek - John Brown and his homies attack pro slavery forces

  • By 1856 CIVIL war in KANSAS between pro and anti slavery forces

• The Beat Down

  • Charles Sumner (Senator from Mass.) gives a speech condemning event in “Bleeding Kansas”

    • He insults Senator from South Carolina Andrew Butler

  • Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina enters Congress and beats Sumner with a cane.

    • Charles Sumner was so injured that he could not return to senate for many years

  • Violence over slavery in Kansas at spread to Congress

• Election of 1856

  • 1st time Republican Party runs a candidate for the Presidency

    • John C. Fremont

  • Democrats pick James Buchanan

    • Picked him because he had nothing to do with Kansas-Nebraska Act(he was in England)

  • Know Nothing Party picked Millard Fillmore

    • Anti-immigrant and anti Catholic

  • James Buchanan wins

• Lecompton Constitution

  • Written by pro-slavery Orders in Kansas

  • 1st challenge for President Buchanan

  • Lecompton Constitution

    • Pro-slavery

    • Free Soilers boycott the election

  • James Buchanan was Supported by President Buchanan

    • rejected by Congress

• Dred Scott Case

  • Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom

  • Dred Scott case goes to Supreme Court in 1857

  • Roger Taney was the chief justice (a southern Democrat)

    • Court ruled:

      • African Americans are not citizens of the United States

        • therefore could not Sue

      • since slaves are property they could not be taken away

        • protected under the Constitution

      • Congress could not make laws regarding slavery in territories

        • Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates

  • Abe Lincoln(Republican) Stephen Douglas(Democrat) for the Illinois Senate in 1858

  • 7 debates held

  • Lincoln challenges Douglas on Dred Scott decision: could slavery be prevented in the territories

    • Dred Scott Decision said no

    • Douglas takes the position(Freeport Doctrine) that territories could limit slavery

      • southerners are pissed

  • Results

    • Douglas keeps the senate seat

    • Lincoln becomes a national figure

    • Southerners are angry

      • Democrats will be split in 1860

• John Brown at Harper’s Ferry

  • John Brown hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859

  • He attempts to seize the federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry

  • It does not go well

    • he's charged with treason and hung

  • Impact

    • South is outraged

    • Brown becomes a martyr to abolitionists

    • immediate cause of secession

      • Southerners feel like they're under attack and John Brown provides them proof of that attack

• Election of 1860

  • Democrats Split

    • The issue of SLAVERY had divided the Democrats

      • NORTHERN DEMOCRATS favor STEPHEN DOUGLAS

        • Popular sovereignty and enforce Fugitive Slave Act

      • SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS favor JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE

        • Allow slavery in the territories

        • Annex cuba and make it a slave state

  • Republican Party

    • Lincoln and the Republican party platform

      • For the free-soilers: No extension of slavery in terrotories

      • For the northern manufacturers: a protective tariff

      • For the Northwest: a Pacific railroad

      • For the farmers: free homesteads (land)

  • Results:

    • Republican party wins

      • For the first time

    • But Lincoln is a “minority” president

      • Although he gets enough electoral votes, he gets 40% of popular votes

      • Southerners see him as a sectional president

        • He is not even on the ballot of 10 southern states

• Secession

  • South Carolina votes to secede in December 1860

  • Eventually 7 southern states leave the union before lincoln even takes office

    • They see him as a sectional President hostile to slavery

  • Confederate States of America is formed

    • Jefferson Davis chosen as President

  • Lame Duck President Buchanan does nothing to stop secession even though he believes it is illegal

    • From November 1860 to March 1861, he is still the president

• One last attempt at compromise

  • Last ditch attempt to avoid a major crisis

  • hope to calm Southern fears:

    • The return of the Missouri Compromise idea

      • Slavery prohibited in territories north of 36° 30

      • slavery allowed in territories south of 36° 30

    • Lincoln REJECTS this

      • The position of the Republican party was no extension of slavery in the territories

Chapter 20-21 finish this

• Fort Sumter: War Starts

  • Civil war did not begin until the attack on Fort Sumter by the confederacy

  • 7 southern states had already left the union before Lincoln took office in March 1861

  • Lincoln’s Inaugural Address: pledged NOT to interfere with slavery and leave it where it is.

    • And that states didn’t have the right to secede

  • Lincoln says that they are sending provisions to Fort Sumter

    • Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter, civil War starts

    • Impact:

      • Unites the North against the south to preserve the Union

      • Southerners rally around the confederacy

      • 4 more states join the confederacy

• Border States

  • The border states between the confederacy and union states

  • They are:

    • Maryland

    • Missouri

    • Delaware

    • Kentucky

  • Goal of Lincoln to keep them(border states) in the Union because

    • It would have given more white men to the south and North would be powerless

    • Would double the manufacturing capacity of the South

    • And DC will be surrounded by confederacy.

  • How he kept the border states in the Union:

    • Martial law in Maryland

    • Guerrilla Warfare took place in Missouri

    • Suspension of writ of habeas corpus

• North: The Union

  • 
    

Advantages

Disadvantages

• 
  Industrial Resources

  • Majority of manufacturing capacity

• Transportation

  • Railroads advantage

• Powerful Navy and established government

• Population Advantage

  • 22 million to 9 million

  • Emancipation

• 
  Lack of leadership

  • Many top military leaders joined the south

• Lack of Purpose

  • Southern states felt they were struggling for their independence

• 
  South: Confederate States

  • 
    

Advantages

Disadvantages

• 
  Fighting defensive war

  • Friendly population

• Sense of purpose

  • Reason to fight Southern honor

• Veteran military officials

• Cotton Diplomacy

  • Hoped would get recognition and financial assistance from cotton sales

• 
  Had no Navy

• No government structure

  • States rights!

• Poorly equipped and no railroad system

  • Weak economy

  • No manufacturing

• 
  Mobilization For War: North

  • Conscription Act:

    • March 1863 all men 20-45 had to register for draft

      • Unfair to the poor:

        • “Three Hundred dollar men” substitutes

  • NY City Draft Riots:

    • July 1863 mob of mostly Irish Americans attacked the wealthy and African Americans because they blamed them for the war

• Lincoln proclaimes he was not fighting the war to end slavery

  • Secession was not legal

  • needed to keep support from Border states

  • Fear from white workers in the North

  • Political concerns: Northern democrats

• Road to Emancipation

  • Two reasons to free the slaves

    • Liberates the slaves and undermines the economic foundation of south

    • ideological: right thing to do, pressure to do so

  • Radical republicans pressured Lincoln to make the war about slavery

  • Confiscation Act: Slaves used for insurrectionary purposes declared free, incentive to escape South to go to Union camps

  • 2nd Confiscation Act: Freed all slaves who were enslaved by anybody engaged in rebellion against the US.

• Emancipation Proclamation

Chapter 22

• Reconstruction

  • Key Challenges:

    • How do we bring the South back into the Union?

      • Reunification and reconciliation!

    • How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war.?

    • How do we integrate and protect the newly emancipated black freedman?

    • What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

    • What should we do with former Confederate leaders?

  • Problem

    • The freedmen were largely Unskilled, illiterate, and the South property or money.

• Freedmen’s Bureau: March 1865

  • Purpose: Help former slaves and poor southern white after the (civil war)

    • To provide food and shelter

  • But GREATEST SUCCESS was in education

    • Freedmen’s Bureau though 200,000 African Americans how to read

  • “Forty acres and a mule”

    • Confiscated land to be given to former slaves

    • Never happened

      • Former slaves are economically vulnerable

• Types of Reconstruction Plans

  • Wartime Reconstruction

    • By President Lincoln

    • In 1863, during the war

    • Also an effort to make south quit the war

    • Rules:

      • Southern states may rejoin the Union once %10 of voter pledge loyalty to the Union

        • Those who voted in 1860

      • Must accept emancipation

    • This was easier on the South

  • Wade-Davis Plan

    • By Congress

    • Rules:

      • 50% of the voters from 1860 must take “iron clad” oath of allegiance

    • Excluded those who aided Confederacy

    • This was much harder on the south

    • Pocket Vetoed by Lincoln

• President Andrew Johnson (becomes a plan)

  • Lincoln assassinated after the war ended.

  • VP Andrew Johnson becomes president

    • Also a former Democrat

  • He recognizes the %10 Lincoln plan

    • But he disenfranchised any former confederate leaders and anybody who owns $20,000 of taxable property.

      • But they could apply for a pardon and he pardons many

  • Rules:

    • All states must ratify the 13th Amendment(ratified Dec. 1865) abolished slavery.

    • Same as Lincoln’s %10 rule

  • Johnson ends up pardoning most of former Confederate leaders

    • This angers northerners

    • This also made Southern planters reestablish political control of the South

• ***Key Idea***

  • The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most dramatioc social and economic change, but the exp;oitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system endured fro several generations.

• Southern Defiance: BLACK CODES

  • Black Codes: Purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated

  • Southerners hope to RESTORE PRE-EMANCIPATION SYSTEM OF RACE RELATIONS

  • Examples:

    • Prohibited African Americans from Renting land or borrowing money to buy land

    • African Americans forced to sign labor contracts

    • Penalty for leaving before contract expired

    • African Americans can’t serve on a jury or vote in most Southern states

  • Many African Americans were forced to become sharecroppers

    • Allowed to use land in exchange for giving percent of crop to the owner of the land.

• President Johnson vs. Congress

  • By 1866 Northern Republicans in Congress are angry when former Southern Confederate officials are returned to office.

  • This called for a STRICTER VERSION OF RECONSTRUCTION

    • Congressional Reconstruction was started as a result of this call for a stricter version of construction.

  • ***IMPORTANT***

    • Transition of Reconstruction Policy between executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

• Congress Breaks with the President

  • Congress prevents Southern Congressional delegates from coming back.

  • Feb 1866: President Johnson VETOED THE FREEDMEN”S BUREAU EXTENSION - congress overturned his veto and passed it

  • Republican controlled Congress passes CIVIL RIGHTS BILL 1866:

    • Gave citizenship to African Americans and sought to get rid of the Black Codes

    • Johnson vetoes

  • CONGRESS PASSED BOTH BILLS OVER JOHNSON”S VETOES

    • 1st in US history.

• Congress

  • How to prevent southern states from overturning laws passed during Reconstruction?

  • So they created the 14th Amendment

    • All persons born in the US are citizens of the US( FU dread scott)

    • States must protect rights and provide “equal protection of the law” & “due process”

    • Prevented former Confederate political officials from holding political office

    • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens.

• Congressional Reconstruction

  • Republican controlled Congress now controls Reconstruction policy. Radicals vs. Moderates

  • Reconstruction Act of 1967 divided the south into 5 military districts controlled by Union generals.

  • Disenfranchisement of former Confederates & invalidate state govts of Lincoln & Johnson (%10)

  • For southern states to be READMITTED: Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

• President Johnson Impeached

  • 1867 Congress passed tenure of Office Act in order to reduce Presidential power & protect Republican Reconstruction cabinet members

    • The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general.

  • President Johnson removed Sec of War Edwin Stanton in 1868

  • The House immediately votes to impeach President Johnson

    • One vote short of removal from office in the Senate

• Reconstruction Amendments

  • 13th: freedom. Abolished slavery

  • 14th: Citizenship granted. Equal protection of the law & due process

  • 15th: Universal male suffrage. Right to vote could not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

• Under the congressional or radical reconstruction, the south temporarily experienced a social and political revolution

• Republicans elected in the South

  • 1867 & 1872 for example

  • Hiram Revels elected in 1870 to the seat that (president of confederacy)Jefferson Davis use to hold

• Reconstruction Governments

  • New electorate in the south as a result of the 15th Amendment and Congressional Reconstruction

    • Blacks could vote now

  • Republican coalition

    • African-American male voters

    • Scalawags: cooperating Southern whites

    • Carpetbaggers : Northerners who went to the South

      • some looking to profit While others wanted to help out

• Construction falls apart

  • Ku Klux Klan established to secure white supremacy and resist reconstruction government

    • Force acts of 1870 and 1871 intended to stop resistance to reconstruction

    • this Force troops to be sent out to stop the KKK

  • Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed equal access to public places. Protected right to serve on juries.

    • Rarely enforced and eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883

  • By 1870s Congress and President Grant would be unwilling to use federal government to monitor Southern Society

• Summary

  • Federal intervention in southern Society under Congressional reconstruction yielded some short-term success

    • who United the Union

    • open the political opportunities to former slaves

    • temporarily rearrange the relationships between white and black people in the south

  • Civil War ended slavery and the idea of a divisible on union: But largely unchanged social and economic patterns

  • Although citizenship, equal protection of the law, and voting rights were granted African-Americans in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, these rights were progressively Stripped Away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics.

  • The reconstruction amendments established judicial principles that were staled for many decades, but eventually became the basis for Supreme Court decisions upholding rights in the 20th century.

Chapter 23

• President Grant(1868-1876)

  • Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant wins the Presidency for the Republican party in 1868

    • Temporary social and political revolution- blcak voters vote for Republican candidates

    • He has no political experience, but he is a war hero.

  • Corruption during the Grant administration

    • Credit mobilier affair: VP & members of Congress involved in RR stock scandal

    • Whiskey Ring: 1875-Private Secretary of Grant helped steal 3 million from the fed govt in a tax corruption scheme

    • “Grantism” - term used to describe corruption in politics

• The ultimate Symbol of Gilded Age Political Corruption: Boss Tweed

  • Local Political corruption:

    • Tammany Hall(Democratic party political machine):

      • “Boss” Tweed used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to steal over $200 million from NY taxpayers.

    • Thomas Nast would expose this corruption to political masses

• Panic of 1873

  • Severe economic collapse further distracted the nation from enforcing Reconstruction

  • Causes of Panic:

    • Overproduction in industries such as factories, railroad, and mining.

    • Over speculation by bankers: too much money loaned out.

  • Hard times inflicted the worst effects on debtors

  • Debtors advocate for relaxation of TIGHT MONEY POLICIES

    • Debate between “hard currency” and “greenbacks”

    • Agrarian and debtor groups want “cheap money”

      • want greenbacks issued

• Election of 1876

  • Republican Rutherford Hayes vs. Democrat Samuel Tildon

  • Political controversy as results in 3 southern states are contested

  • Compromise of 1877

    • Southern/Democrats would recognize Hayes as President

    • In return, Hayes would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction.

    • Hayes to provide south political positions (patronage) and federal aid for a transcontinental RR for the South

• The Court Undermines Reconstruction

  • Civil Rights Act of 1875: Protected Rights

    • Made it a crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public places

    • Prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection

    • This was made to protect rights of blacks

  • Civil Right Cases of 1883: Court striking down!

    • Supreme Court said 14th Amendment only protects against government violations of civil rights

      • Individuals can discriminate all they want

    • Overturns the Civil Rights Act of 1875

  • Jim Crow Laws spread through the south

  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

    • Racial segregation was constitutional if equal facilities were made available to each race (“seperat but equal”)

• “New South”

  • Idea of “New South” promoted:

    • The South would rebuild, industrialize, and develop their economy.

  • However, Agrarian sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be dominant in the region.

  • Life for African Americans in the Post Reconstruction South continued to be filled with many challenges.

• Challenges

  • Many things were made to disenfranchise black voters

    • Literacy test

    • Poll taxes

    • Property requirements

    • Grandfather Clauses

      • Exempted from electoral requirements anyone who voted in 1860 or prior

• Chinese Immigration

  • Large increase in Asian immigration (especially from China)

  • Important during the various mining booms and building of railroads

  • Spike in nativism toward Asian immigrants in the west

  • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882:

    • Prohibited further immigration of Chinese laborers

      • 1st time immigration restrictions on bases of race and nationality

• Gilded Age Presidents

• ***Notes*** Gilded Age

  • “Gilded Age politics were intimately tied to big business and focused nationally on economic issues such as tariffs and currency policy.”

    • From AP curriculum

  • Both political parties during the Gilded Age ignored the political and social consequences of industrialization

  • Gilded age presidents, both Repub and Democ belived in “Laissez Faire” - To leave things alone (gov’t shouldn’t moderate society)

• Key Issues:

  • Currency, Civil Service Reform & tariffs

  • Patronage was used by both political parties

    • Civil Service jobs given to supporters (“to the victor belongs the spoils”)

    • Calls for Civil Service Reform

  • Half Breeds: advocated civil service reform (James Blaine)

  • Stalwarts: supporters of patronage (Roscoe Conkling)

  • By the 1880’s the US treasury had a huge surplus from tariffs.

• Gilded Age Presidential Politics

Chapter 24 finish this

• Industrial Revolution

  • By 1900 America would become the leading industrial power in the world.

  • Rapid economic transformation of American society

    • Impacts the country economically, socially, politically

  • Manufacturing replaces agriculture as the primary source of economic growth

  • Rise of big business encouraged massive migrations and urbanization

• Inventions & Innovations

  • Large number of new inventions developed during this period

    • High rate of PATENTS issued

    • Examples:

      • Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone

      • Thomas Edison: Electric light

  • These inventions and innovations will change daily lives, create new jobs, and have social consequences

• First huge business

  • They are railroads

  • Land and loan subsidies give by the fed gov’t to the railroad companies

    • It was a laissez faire time when the gov’t was pro business

    • The gov’t hooked RR companies with land so that:

      • The value of western land would go up,

      • Easy transfer of troops to west

      • Mail

  • Ne BUSINESS PRACTICES introduced by RR companies such as establishing the modern stockholder corporation, business management strategies, financin, and regulation of competition

  • Consolidation leads to standardization of the industry: steel rail, standard gauges

• First Transcontinental Railroad

  • Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

    • By republicans mostly

  • Union Pacific:

    • Built from Omaha, Nebraska to the West

      • Irish workers

  • Central Pacific:

    • Sacramento to Sierra Nevada

      • Chinese workers

  • Two came together at

    • PROMONTORY POINT

      • May 10 1869

• 4.53

Chapter 25 (start this)

Chapter 26 (start this)

Chapter 27

• Important Ideas

  • Since the 1790s US territorial expansion has largely focused on western expansion.

  • In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner says the frontier is closed

    • With end of the Wounded Knee war with Indians

  • The 1890s marks a transition in US history: the US becomes a global power

• Motives for Imperialism

  • Economic:

    • Open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials

  • Political:

    • Desire to compete with other nations

      • Don’t want to fall behind

  • Strategic/Militar:

    • Acquire naval bases

    • ALFRED T.MAHAN “The influence of Sea Power” - need to have a powerful navy.

    • Building of the panama canal

  • Ideological motives:

    • Idea of “white man’s burden”

      • Darwin’s concepts applied to international affairs

      • REV. JOSIAH STRONG’S “Our Country” Anglo-Saxon civilization is superior

        • Must colonize other lands to spread “superior” civilization

          • Basically this belief was used as a motive to colonize other lands

• Case Study: HAWAII

  • In 1820’s American missionaries go to the islands to convert native people to Christianity

  • Americans sugar and pineapple planters begin buying up land

    • Ex. Dole Family

  • In 1887 the US signs a treaty establishing Pearl Harbor naval base

  • Various interest in the US want to annex Hawaii

  • Queen Liliuokalani advocated that Hawaii should be controlled by the Hawaii people

  • Revolt orchestrated by plantation owners, overthrows the queen in 1893

  • Grover Cleaveland rejects annexation, WILLIAM MCKINLEY ANNEXES in 1898

• Spanish American War Background

  • Cuba was one of the few colonies still controlled by Spain

    • Revolts against Spanish empire were becoming more common.

  • Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took controversial steps to stop the rebellion

    • RECONCENTRATION camps: Many Cubans die of starvation and disease

  • Why does the US care?

    • US investments in SUGAR PLANTATIONS

    • Sympathy for Plight of Cuban people

      • Yellow Journalism: exaggerated reporting

        • Of hunger etc in Cuba

  • De Lome Letter: Spanish officials disrespect President McKinley

• Spanish American War

  • USS Maine explodes

    • Feb 15, 1898

    • 240~ people die

  • YELLOW PRESS blame Spain for the destruction of the battleship Maine

    • But Spain didn’t

  • April 1898, US declares WAR with SPAIN

    • US, Cuba, Philippines VS Spain

  • TELLER AMENDMENT: The US has no intention of taking over Cuba.

    • Cuba will control their own gov’t

  • Secretary of state Jon Hay referred to the war as “A splendid little war”

  • George Dewy crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

  • Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the the “Rough Riders”

  • War ends in August 1898

    • 4 month war

  • Treaty of Paris will spark a debate in the US.

• Treaty of Paris

  • It gives the US:

    • Guam

    • Cuba

    • Puerto Rico

    • Philippines

  • Spain is given $20 m

• Impact of the War (Spanish American War)

  • Key debate: What should the US do with these newly acquired territories

  • Debate in Congress: 2/3 vote needed to ratify treaty

  • Anti-Imperialist League: opposed annexation of the Philippines

  • McKinley favored expansion and CONGRESS NARROWLY APPROVES TREATY OF PARIS

• Cuba

  • US technically leaves cuba in 1902

    • Because of Teller Amendment

  • Platt Amendment

    • Passed in 1901

    • The US can intervene to restore peace and order

      • Cuba is half free nation

    • Cuba could not sign a treaty with a foreign power

      • Limited independence

    • US could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay

• Puerto Rico

  • Foraker Act (1900)

    • Puerto Rico was granted limited degree of popular gov’t

      • Puerto Rico withheld full self rule

      • Congress granted US citizenship in 1917

    • Status of places such as Puerto Rico and Philippines were uncertain

      • Did the rights and protections under the US ConstitutionFollow the US flag?

    • Insular Cases:

      • Constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territories

• Philippines

  • Emilio Aguinaldo Was the leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain

    • he fought alongside the us against Spain

  • following the Treaty of Paris he thought the Philippines would receive independence

  • Brutal Guerrilla War Takes place between the US and the Philippines

  • Formal Independence not until 1946

  • The US was interested in Philippines because of easy access to China

• Access to China

  • The US was very interested in gaining access to markets of China

  • Problem: other nations had carved up China into spheres of influence

    • Area of exclusive trading privileges

  • Secretary of State John Hay announces the open door policy in 1899

    • All Nations should have equal trading privileges to China

  • Boxer Rebellion it was an attempt to remove foreign influence of China

    • Rebellion put down by an international Force

• President Theodore Roosovelt

  • McKinley is reelected in 1900

    • Theodore is VP

  • McKinley is assassinated in 1901

    • Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

  • Under TD there will be a rise in the power of Presidency

  • TR will pursue an expansionist foreign policy

  • “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

    • Use diplomacy often, but also use force when necessary

• Panama Canal

  • The presence of a canal with dramatically cut down travel time for:

    • Trade

    • Military

  • first attempt to build a canal was by France

    • it's failed because

      • malaria and other illnesses

      • underestimating of the cost of the job

      • The company was bankrupted at the end

  • Roosevelt attempted to get Columbia to allow the US to build a canal in Panama

    • Columbia was controlling Panama at the time

    • Columbia reject the treaty

  • TR decided to secretly support the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia

    • after Panama is independent from Colombia: they sign a treaty

    • Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty

      • Give US right to build canal

        • Canal is complete in 1914

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

  • Monroe Doctrine( 1823): Europe should stay out of Western Hemisphere

  • Problem: Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany

    • England sends warships to Venezuela In 1902

    • Santo Domingo owed money

    • TR worried Europe with keep intervening

  • Roosevelt corresponds by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary

    • The US has the right to INTERVENE IN LATIN AMERICA

    • US dramatically expanded its role in Latin America

      • Various Presidents send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, & Nicaragua

    • Strains relations between the US and Latin America

• Roosevelt in East Asia

  • TR wins nobel prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR(1805)

    • Japan beats down Russia

    • The US Increasingly concerned over the growing strength of Japan

  • Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908):

    • Laws in California discriminated against Asian immigrants

      • San Francisco required Asian students attend segregated schools(fear of “yellow peril”)

    • TR and Japan reached a compromise

      • Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the US by holding passports

      • TR would pressure CA to repeal its law

  • Great White Fleet (1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new fleet of US battleship on trip around the world

    • Demonstrates US growing power